Hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids are swollen, enlarged veins that form inside and outside the anus and rectum. They can be painful, uncomfortable and cause rectal bleeding. Hemorrhoids are also called piles. We’re all born with hemorrhoids, but at baseline, they don’t bother us. It’s only when they become swollen and enlarged that they produce irritating symptoms.

How common are hemorrhoids?

An estimated 1 in 20 Americans have symptomatic hemorrhoids. They affect people of all ages, genders, races and ethnicities. They’re more common as you age, affecting more than half of people over age 50.

Who might get hemorrhoids?

Anyone can get symptomatic hemorrhoids, even teenagers. (Because hemorrhoids take a while to develop, they’re uncommon in children.) You may be more at risk if you:

• Are overweight or obese.
• Are pregnant.
• Eat a low-fiber diet.
• Have chronic constipation or diarrhea.
• Regularly lift heavy objects.
• Spend a lot of time sitting on the toilet.
• Strain while having bowel movements.

What are the types of hemorrhoids?

Hemorrhoids can happen inside or outside the rectum. The type depends on where the swollen vein develops. Types include:

• External: Swollen veins form underneath the skin around the anus. Your anus is the canal where poop comes out. External hemorrhoids can be itchy and painful. Occasionally, they bleed. Sometimes they fill with blood that can clot. This is not dangerous, but can result in pain and swelling.
• Internal: Swollen veins form inside the rectum. Your rectum is the part of the digestive system that connects the colon (large intestine) to the anus. Internal hemorrhoids may bleed, but they usually aren’t painful.
• Prolapsed: Both internal and external hemorrhoids can prolapse, meaning they stretch and bulge outside of the anus. These hemorrhoids may bleed or cause pain.

What’s the difference between hemorrhoids and anal fissures?

Hemorrhoids and anal fissures cause similar symptoms, such as itching, pain and bleeding. While swollen veins cause hemorrhoids, a tear in the lining of the anus causes an anal fissure. Your healthcare provide will do a physical exam and may order tests to find what’s causing your symptoms.

What causes hemorrhoids?

Straining puts pressure on veins in the anus or rectum, causing hemorrhoids. You might think of them as varicose veins that affect your bottom.

Any sort of straining that increases pressure on your belly or lower extremities can cause anal and rectal veins to become swollen and inflamed. Hemorrhoids may develop due to:

• Pelvic pressure from weight gain, especially during pregnancy.
• Pushing hard to have a bowel movement (poop) because of constipation.
• Straining to lift heavy objects or weightlifting.

What are the symptoms of hemorrhoids?

Internal hemorrhoids rarely cause pain (and typically can’t be felt) unless they prolapse. Many people with internal hemorrhoids don’t know they have them because they don’t have symptoms.

If you have symptoms of internal hemorrhoids, you might see blood on toilet paper, in stool or the toilet bowl. These are signs of rectal bleeding.

Signs of external hemorrhoids include:

• Itchy anus.
• Hard lumps near the anus that feel sore or tender.
• Pain or ache in the anus, especially when you sit.
• Rectal bleeding.

Prolapsed hemorrhoids can be painful and uncomfortable. You may be able to feel them bulging outside the anus and gently push them back inside.

What other conditions cause hemorrhoid-type symptoms?

Different gastrointestinal disorders can cause rectal bleeding and other symptoms similar to hemorrhoids. Some of these disorders are life-threatening. For this reason, it’s important to let your healthcare provider know when you’re having symptoms.

Bowel diseases that can cause bleeding include:

• Colon cancer.
• Crohn’s disease.
• Ulcerative colitis.

How are hemorrhoids diagnosed?

Your healthcare provider diagnoses hemorrhoids based on symptoms and a physical exam. You may also have:

• Digital rectal exam: Your provider inserts a gloved, lubricated finger into the rectum to feel for swollen veins.
• Anoscopy: Your provider uses an anoscope (lighted tube) to view the lining of the anus and rectum.
• Sigmoidoscopy: Your provider uses a sigmoidoscope (lighted tube with a camera) to view inside the lower (sigmoid) part of the colon and rectum.

These tests may be uncomfortable but aren’t painful. They typically take place in a doctor’s office or outpatient center without anesthesia. You go home the same day.

Your provider may perform a colonoscopy to confirm findings from other tests or check for signs of colon cancer. This outpatient procedure requires anesthesia.

What are the complications of hemorrhoids?

Hemorrhoids can be uncomfortable and painful, but they don’t tend to cause serious problems. Rarely, people with hemorrhoids develop:

• Anemia.
• Blood clots in external hemorrhoids.
• Infection.
• Skin tags (flap of tissue that hangs off skin).
• Strangulated hemorrhoids (muscles in the anus cut off blood flow to a prolapsed internal hemorrhoid).

How can I treat hemorrhoids at home?

Hemorrhoids often go away on their own without treatment. Symptoms like pain and bleeding may last one week or slightly longer. In the meantime, you can take these steps to ease symptoms:

• Apply over-the-counter medications containing lidocaine, witch hazel or hydrocortisone to the affected area.
• Drink more water.
• Increase fiber intake through diet and supplements. Try to obtain at least 20-35 grams of daily fiber intake
• Soak in a warm bath (sitz bath) for 10 to 20 minutes a day.
• Soften stool by taking laxatives.
• Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for pain and inflammation.
• Use toilet paper with lotion or flushable wet wipes to gently pat and clean your bottom after pooping. You can also use a tissue or washcloth moistened with water. (Discard wipes in the trash, not by flushing. Launder washcloths separately in hot water to avoid spreading infections often found in poop.)

How do healthcare providers treat hemorrhoids?

You should see your healthcare provider if symptoms get worse or interfere with your daily life or sleep. Also seek help if signs don’t improve after a week of at-home treatments. Your provider may treat hemorrhoids with:

• Rubber band ligation: A small rubber band placed around the base of a hemorrhoid cuts off blood supply to the vein.
• Electrocoagulation: An electric current stops blood flow to a hemorrhoid.
• Infrared coagulation: A small probe inserted into the rectum transmits heat to get rid of the hemorrhoid.
• Sclerotherapy: A chemical injected into the swollen vein destroys hemorrhoid tissue.

Surgical treatments include:

• Hemorrhoidectomy: Surgery removes large external hemorrhoids or prolapsed internal ones.
• Hemorrhoid stapling: A stapling instrument removes an internal hemorrhoid. Or it pulls a prolapsed internal hemorrhoid back inside the anus and holds it there.

How can I prevent hemorrhoids?

Hemorrhoids are common as you get older. These steps can help prevent hard stools and constipation that can lead to hemorrhoids:

• Don’t sit too long or push too hard on the toilet.
• Go the toilet when the urge hits — don’t delay bowel movements.
• Drink plenty of water throughout the day.
• Eat more high-fiber foods (fresh fruits, vegetables and whole grains) or take supplements. Generally, women should aim for 25 grams of fiber per day, while men should get 35 grams of fiber.
• Stay physically active. Being on the move keeps bowels moving.
• Take laxatives or use enemas only as recommended by your healthcare provider. Too many laxatives or enemas can make it hard for your body to regulate how you poop.

What is the prognosis (outlook) for people who have hemorrhoids?

Most hemorrhoid symptoms improve within a week with at-home treatments. If hemorrhoids cause extreme pain and discomfort, a medical procedure or even surgery may help.

When should I call the doctor?

You should call your healthcare provider if you suspect hemorrhoids and experience:

• Abdominal pain.
• Chronic constipation or diarrhea.
• Fever and chills.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Severe rectal bleeding and pain.

What questions should I ask my doctor?

You may want to ask your healthcare provider:

• Why did I get hemorrhoids?
• What is the best treatment for me?
• What lifestyle changes can I make to keep from getting hemorrhoids again?
• When will symptoms improve?
• Should I look out for signs of complications?

A note from Cleveland Clinic

An estimated 15 million Americans have sought treatments for hemorrhoids at some point in their lives. But many more suffer needlessly. Don’t be too embarrassed to talk to your healthcare provider about your symptoms. If hemorrhoids cause pain or discomfort, your provider has treatments that can help. You can also take steps to keep hemorrhoids from coming back.

Best and Worst Foods for Hemorrhoids

"Eat more fiber." "Stay hydrated." That's the advice everyone gets about hemorrhoids -- and it's good. But what does it mean in real life, when you're at the grocery store or deciding what to put on your plate? Let's take a look at specific foods that can help this painful problem and ways to work them into your meals. And on the flip side, what you may want to stay away from.

2 Kinds of Fiber

• Soluble fiber dissolves in water to form a gel-like goo. (Picture what happens to oats when you mix them with water.) You want this stuff. It makes your stool soft, well-formed, and easy to pass. No constipation, little irritation. Sounds like the Holy Grail of poop, right?
• Insoluble fiber is what your grandmother would call "roughage." It doesn't dissolve. (If you drop a chunk of celery in water, it just sits there.) It helps to keep things moving through -- and out of -- your system and to balance the chemistry in your intestines. Many "high-fiber" foods have both kinds.

Grains

Swap white breads, pastas, and crackers for versions made with whole-grain flours, buckwheat, stone-ground cornmeal, or rye to boost the amount of insoluble fiber you'll get. Cooked oats and barley will give you soluble fiber, too.

Instead of a plain white bagel for breakfast, have a packet of instant oatmeal -- with twice the fiber for less than half the calories. Reach for no-butter popcorn when you get the munchies. Sprinkle oat bran or wheat germ on salads and soups.

What Not to Eat

Foods with little fiber can cause or make constipation (and therefore hemorrhoids) worse, so it's best to limit how much you eat of them.

• White bread and bagels
• Milk, cheese, and other dairy
• Meat
• Processed foods such as frozen meals and fast food

Watch the amount of salt you eat. It can lead to your body hanging on to water, which puts more pressure on your blood vessels. That includes the veins in your bottom that cause hemorrhoids. Iron supplements can cause constipation and other digestive problems, so talk to your doctor before you take them.

Summary

Hemorrhoids are enlarged and bulging veins in and around the anus and rectum. They’re very common and caused by strain on the rectal veins. Risk factors include experiencing chronic constipation, pushing during bowel movements, having a family history of hemorrhoids, and being pregnant.

Most hemorrhoids go away on their own. Treatments usually focus on relieving symptoms and may include taking warm baths and using a hydrocortisone or a hemorrhoid cream or suppository. Exercising, drinking plenty of water, and eating more fiber can all help relieve constipation and prevent hemorrhoids from forming in the future.

Sources:

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15120-hemorrhoids

https://www.healthline.com/health/hemorrhoids#summary

https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/best-worst-foods-hemorrhoids

#hemorrhoids #haemorrhoids #piles #fiber #pain #blood #swollen #veins #anus #external #internal

Prepared by Viktorija Stučytė based on online sources